This collective volume explores theoretical and methodological advancements in pre-Roman and Classical archaeological iconography. Originating from a international symposium held at the Spanish School of History and Archaeology in Rome, the compiled contributions reframe the study of ancient imagery through the lenses of social history, cognitive archaeology, and cultural anthropology. Moving beyond traditional formalist art history, the authors examine prehistoric, Iberian, Celtic, Greek, and Roman visual culture, analyzing how symbolic systems function within distinct historical, spatial, and ideological contexts. Key thematic axes focus on animal symbolism, geometric decoration, sacred landscapes, warrior ideology, and political iconography. Ultimately, the work demonstrates that ancient images do not merely reflect societal structures; they actively construct, communicate, and negotiate power, identity, and cosmological frameworks across the Mediterranean basin.