This interdisciplinary volume presents a comprehensive investigation into the architectural design, construction techniques, and structural integrity of the Basilica of Maxentius in Rome. Commissioned by the CISTEC research centre at Sapienza University of Rome in collaboration with the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Roma, the study evaluates the monument's historical evolution, geotechnical subsoil properties, material composition, and static safety margins. Modern analytical techniques, finite element modeling, and architectural analyses reveal the vulnerabilities that contributed to major historical collapses and evaluate its susceptibility to dynamic seismic activity. Furthermore, the work details the composition of Roman concrete, brickwork, mortars, and subsoil interactions, offering insights into the original construction strategies and structural anomalies. Combining archaeological findings with engineering analyses, the authors propose reversible, long-term structural consolidation strategies aimed at preserving the surviving vaults while ensuring modern safety standards for Rome's historic heritage.