An analysis of the Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia in Rome illuminates its complex history, identity, and museological transformations. Originally built in the sixteenth century as Pope Julius III's renaissance villa, the site was officially reconfigured in 1889 as an archaeological museum under the direction of Felice Barnabei. Grounded in nineteenth-century positivist and topographic principles, its initial display sought to reconstruct contextual stratigraphy from digs in the Faliscan and Etruscan territories, contrasting with earlier thematic, material-based collection models. Over more than a century, the museum expanded through the integration of major private collections—such as the Barberini, Chigi, and Castellani assemblages—and underwent distinct display redesigns, notably by architects Franco Minissi and Franco Ceschi. Ultimately, the institution exemplifies the dynamic interplay between architecture, collecting history, and evolving museographical practices within Italian cultural heritage.