This volume provides a multidisciplinary and systematic analysis of the plaster casts of Pompeii. Emerging from research conducted under the Grande Progetto Pompei, the work integrates archaeological, volcanological, anthropological, and diagnostic-restoration perspectives to trace the history of these artifacts from their inception in 1863 to recent findings. Utilizing advanced technologies—such as CT scans, ancient DNA analysis, radiography, and 3D modeling—the study examines the evolution of conservation techniques, the diachronic composition of materials, and osteological data. The contribution redefines current knowledge regarding the health status, social standing, and demographics of the victims, critically reassessing taphonomic dynamics and causes of death during the 79 AD eruption. Finally, the work addresses key ethical and display considerations concerning the long-term conservation, exhibition, and management of human remains.