This study offers a comprehensive diachronic reconstruction of rural settlement patterns, agrarian infrastructure, and socioeconomic dynamics in the northwestern ager of the Roman colony of Mutina (modern Modena), focusing on the Carpi territory and the middle plain between the Secchia River and Tresinaro Stream. Integrating geomorphological data, historical sources, centuriation analysis, and an extensive survey database of 312 archaeological sites, the monograph investigates regional land use from Romanization (2nd century BCE) through Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. The documentary and interpretative frameworks trace demographic fluctuations, villa organization (pars urbana and pars rustica), local craft production, and trade networks. Notably, the research proposes the identification of the Padinates—an unlocated population mentioned by Pliny—north of Mutina and explores the late antique economic transition toward villa self-sufficiency. Additionally, this study provides a crucial spatial tool for heritage management and regional planning.