Scholarly investigation into the cultural impact of Karol (1848–1933) and Karolina Lanckorońska (1898–2002) reveals a profound dedication to Italian art, classical antiquity, and Roman heritage. Stemming from an international conference held in Rome in December 2022, this collection of twenty papers documents the multifaceted activities of these Polish aristocrats and intellectuals. Through historical, art-historical, and archival research, the volume explores Karol Lanckoroński's pioneer archaeological endeavors in Asia Minor and Aquileia, alongside his extensive art collecting in Vienna. Equally, the studies evaluate Karolina Lanckorońska's academic contributions as the first habilitated female scholar in Polish art history, focusing on her groundbreaking analysis of Michelangelo, Tintoretto, and Baroque art. The proceedings further highlight the legacy of their art donations to the Royal Castles in Warsaw and Cracow, as well as the founding of the Polish Historical Institute in Rome, underscoring the enduring cultural bridge between Poland and Italy.